Urinary Lithiasis (Kidney or Bladder Stones)

Urinary lithiasis is a common problem related to the formation of stones (calculi) at any level of the urinary system. They are mostly composed of calcium salts (more than 70% of cases), but in some cases, they are made of uric acid (10%), which allows for treatment through dissolution, sometimes in combination with other measures. Most stones need to be treated due to the risk they pose to kidney function and the potential for urinary tract infections of varying severity.

In the early stages, urinary lithiasis may be asymptomatic or present with vague symptoms such as malaise, nausea, and loss of appetite. Intense pain, known as renal colic, occurs when the stone obstructs any part of the urinary system, causing severe pain, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and, in rare cases, fever. When the stones move to the bladder, they may cause a burning sensation and a frequent urge to urinate, similar to a urinary tract infection.

Diagnosis is made through clinical exams, blood and urine tests, and imaging exams such as a CT scan. Treatment depends on the size of the stone and may include pharmacological methods, ureteroscopy with laser, or percutaneous surgery in cases of larger stones.
The main prevention method for urinary lithiasis is ensuring proper hydration and maintaining urine that is pale yellow in colour, indicating good concentration of its components.